Toyota and honda are japanese cars fiat and ferrari are italians cars ошибки
Опубликовано: 16.05.2024
Read the article again. For questions 1-8, choose the correct answer,A,B,C or D.
Many of the world’s cities lie under a permanent blanket of smog. People are concerned about global warming, and fuel prices just keep going up and up. It’s no surprise therefore, that in recent years, car manufacturers have been put under pressure to invent a vehicle that is both cheaper to run and better for the environment. Finally, after much trial and error, it seems as though they might be making progress, and the future of the car industry is beginning to look a little ‘greener’.
One of the first ideas which car manufacturers tried, was to replace engines which run on fossil fuels with electric motors. Unfortunately, these vehicles had several drawbacks and they didn’t sell very well. The problems I were that the batteries of these electric cars ran out very quickly and took a long time to recharge. Also, the replacement energy packs were very expensive. However, the idea of electric cars has not been scrapped altogether. Car manufacturers have improved the concept so that environmentally friendly cars can now be efficient and economical as well. This is where the hybrid car, which has both an electric motor and a traditional petrol engine, comes in. The electric motor is entirely self recharging and it is much better for the planet than a traditional car. In a hybrid car, the engine is controlled by a computer which determines whether the car runs on petrol, electricity, or both. When the car needs maximum power, I for example, if it is accelerating or climbing a steep hill, it uses all of its resources, whereas at steady speeds it runs only on petrol. When slowing down or braking, the electric motor recharges its batteries.
Hybrid cars are better for the environment because the electric motor can help out when the computer tells it to, thereby reducing overall petrol consumption. They have a much smaller engine than a traditional car. Also, hybrid cars on the market are made using materials such as aluminium and carbon fibre, which makes them extremely light. Both of these factors mean that they use far less petrol than normal cars, so they produce less pollution.
Of course, hybrid cars aren’t perfect; they still run on I fossil fuel and so pollute the environment to some extent.! However, they may be the first step along the road to cleaner, ‘greener’ cars. Car manufacturers are already working on vehicles which run on hydrogen. The only I emission from these cars is harmless water vapour. These are still some way in the future, though, as designers need to think of cheap and safe ways of producing, transporting and storing hydrogen, but at last, it looks like we might be heading in the right direction.
1. According to the writer, car manufacturers are
trying to invent a new vehicle because
A today's cars produce too much poisonous gas.
B it is difficult to drive in cities.
C today's cars use too much fuel.
D the car industry is in trouble.
2. Vehicles which ran on electric motors
A moved very fast.
B were made of pieces of scrap.
C were not very popular.
D had to have their engines replaced.
3. Hybrid cars differ from electric cars in that
A they are more economical to run.
B you can recharge the battery yourself.
C they have two power sources.
D they represent an entirely new driving concept.
4 .The computer in a hybrid car
A powers the engine.
B helps the car to go up hills.
C keeps the car running at a steady speed.
D decides how the car should be powered at any
given time.
5. Hybrid cars are environmentally friendly because
A they use different fuel to normal cars.
B they are made of special materials.
C the computer tells the driver the shortest route
to take.
D they produce less harmful gase
1. One of the earliest attempts to propel a vehicle by mechanical power was suggested by Isaac Newton. But the first self-propelled vehicle was constructed by the French military engineer Cugnot in 1763. He built a steam-driven engine which had three wheels, carried two passengers and run at maximum speed of four miles. The supply of steam lasted only 15 minutes and the carriage had to stop every 100 yards to make more steam.
2. In 1825 a steam engine was built in Great Britain. The vehicle carried 18 passengers and covered 8 miles in 45 minutes. However, the progress of motor cars met with great opposition in Great Britain.
3. In Russia there were cities where motor cars were outlawed altogether. When the editor of the local newspaper in the city of Uralsk bought a car, the governor issued these instructions to the police: «When the vehicle appears in the streets, it is to be stopped and escorted to the police station, where its driver is to be prosecuted».
4. From 1860 to 1900 was a period of the application of gasoline engines to motor cars in many countries. The first to perfect gasoline engine was N. Otto who introduced the four-stroke cycle of operation. By the time motor cars got a standard shape and appearance.
In 1896 a procession of motor cars took place from London to Brighton to show how reliable the new vehicles were.
The cars of that time were very small, two-seated cars with no roof, driven by an engine placed under the seat. Motorist had to carry large cans of fuel and separate spare tyres, for there were no repair or filling stations to serve them.
After World War 1 it became possible to achieve greater reliability of motor cars, brakes became more efficient. Multi-cylinder engines came into use; most commonly used are four-cylinder engines.
5. Gradually the development of vehicles driven by international combustion engine – cars, as they had come to be known, led to the abolition of earlier restrictions. Huge capital began to flow into the automobile industry.
From 1908 to 1924 the number of cars in the world rose from 200 thousand to 20 million; by 1960 it had reached 60 million!
6. There are about 3,000 Americans who like to collect antique cars. They have several clubs such as Antique Automobile Club. Collectors can also advertise in the magazine published by their clubs. The best collection-100 old cars of great rarity – is in possession of William Harrah. He is very influential in his field. The value of his collection is not only historical but also practical: photographs of his cars are used for films and advertisements.
Все ошибки Fiat 500, 500L, 500S, 500X, ALBEA, BRAVO, CROMA, DOBLO, FREEMONT, FULLBACK, GRANDE PUNTO, LINEA, PANDA, PANDA 4X4, PUNTO.
Ошибки Fiat по протоколу OBDI. Самодиагностика.
Ошибки Fiat по протоколу OBDII
Топливная система и воздухоподача
P0107 Низкий уровень выходного сигнала датчика давления воздуха
P0108 Высокий уровень выходного сигнала датчика давления воздуха
P0110 Неисправность датчика температуры всасываемого воздуха
P0111 Выход сигнала датчика температуры всасываемого воздуха из допустимого диапазона
P0112 Низкий уровень датчика температуры всасываемого воздуха
P0113 Высокий уровень датчика температуры всасываемого воздуха
P0115 Неисправность датчика температуры охлаждающей жидкости
Система зажигания
Контроль выбросов
Контроль скорости и холостого хода
Электронный блок управления (ЭБУ) и его подсистемы
Трансмиссия
P0700 Неисправность системы контроля трансмиссии
P0701 Система контроля трансмиссии вне допустимого диапазона
P0702 Transmission Control System Electrical
P0703 Torque Converter/Brake Switch B Circuit Malfunction
P0704 Clutch Switch Input Circuit Malfunction
P0705 Transmission Range Sensor Circuit malfunction (PRNDL Input)
P0706 Transmission Range Sensor Circuit Range/Performance
P0707 Transmission Range Sensor Circuit Low Input
P0708 Transmission Range Sensor Circuit High Input
P0709 Transmission Range Sensor Circuit Intermittent
P0710 Transmission Fluid Temperature Sensor Circuit Malfunction
P0711 Transmission Fluid Temperature Sensor Circuit Range/Performance
P0712 Transmission Fluid Temperature Sensor Circuit Low Input
P0713 Transmission Fluid Temperature Sensor Circuit High Input
P0714 Transmission Fluid Temperature Sensor Circuit Intermittent
P0715 Input/Turbine Speed Sensor Circuit Malfunction
P0716 Input/Turbine Speed Sensor Circuit Range/Performance
P0717 Input/Turbine Speed Sensor Circuit No Signal
P0718 Input/Turbine Speed Sensor Circuit Intermittent
P0719 Torque Converter/Brake Switch B Circuit Low
P0720 Output Speed Sensor Circuit Malfunction
P0721 Output Speed Sensor Range/Performance
P0722 Output Speed Sensor No Signal
P0723 Output Speed Sensor Intermittent
P0724 Torque Converter/Brake Switch B Circuit High
P0725 Engine Speed input Circuit Malfunction
P0726 Engine Speed Input Circuit Range/Performance
P0727 Engine Speed Input Circuit No Signal
P0728 Engine Speed Input Circuit Intermittent
P0730 Incorrect Gear Ratio
P0731 Gear 1 Incorrect ratio
P0732 Gear 2 Incorrect ratio
P0733 Gear 3 Incorrect ratio
P0734 Gear 4 Incorrect ratio
P0735 Gear 5 Incorrect ratio
P0736 Reverse incorrect gear ratio
P0740 Torque Converter Clutch Circuit Malfuction
P0741 Torque Converter Clutch Circuit Performance or Stuck Off
P0742 Torque Converter Clutch Circuit Stuck On
P0743 Torque Converter Clutch Circuit Electrical
P0744 Torque Converter Clutch Circuit Intermittent
P0745 Pressure Control Solenoid Malfunction
P0746 Pressure Control Solenoid Performance or Stuck Off
P0747 Pressure Control Solenoid Stuck On
P0748 Pressure Control Solenoid Electrical
P0749 Pressure Control Solenoid Intermittent
P0750 Shift Solenoid A MalfunctionP
P0751 Shift Solenoid A PerformanceP or Stuck Off
P0752 Shift Solenoid A Stuck On
P0753 Shift Solenoid A ElectricaPl
P0754 Shift Solenoid A IntermittPent
P0755 Shift Solenoid B Malfunction
P0756 Shift Solenoid B Performance or Stuck Off
P0757 Shift Solenoid B Stuck On
P0758 Shift Solenoid B Electrical
P0759 Shift Solenoid B Intermittent
P0760 Shift Solenoid C Malfunction
P0761 Shift Solenoid C Performance or Stuck Off
P0762 Shift Solenoid C Stuck On
P0763 Shift Solenoid C Electrical
P0764 Shift Solenoid C Intermittent
P0765 Shift Solenoid D Malfunction
P0766 Shift Solenoid D Performance or Stuck Off
P0767 Shift Solenoid D Stuck On
P0768 Shift Solenoid D Electrical
P0769 Shift Solenoid D Intermittent
P0770 Shift Solenoid E Malfunction
P0771 Shift Solenoid E Performance or Stuck Off
P0772 Shift Solenoid E Stuck On
P0773 Shift Solenoid E Electrical
P0774 Shift Solenoid E Intermittent
P0780 Shift Malfunction
P0781 1-2 Shift Malfunction
P0782 2-3 Shift Malfunction
P0783 3-4 Shift Malfunction
P0784 4-5 Shift Malfunction
P0785 Shift/Timing Solenoid Malfunction
P0786 Shift/Timing Solenoid Range/Performance
P0787 Shift/Timing Solenoid Low
P0788 Shift/Timing Solenoid High
P0789 Shift/Timing Solenoid Intermittent
P0790 Normal/Performance Switch Circuit Malfunction
P0801 Reverse Inhibit Control Circuit Malfunction
P0803 1-4 Upshift (Skip Shift) Solenoid Control Circuit Malfunction
P0804 1-4 Upshift (Skip Shift) Lamp Control Circuit Malfunction
Прочие ошибки
1) as important socially as the Internet.
2) enthusiastically accepted by the people.
3) operated without transitional delays.
4) used by people with caution at first.
Driverless cars
Driverless cars are expected to be rolling into the streets within the next 20 years. In fact, they’ve legally been on the roads for the past years, approved for testing purposes. It is predicted that driverless vehicles will be commercially available at a high cost within 7 years, but it may take another 8 years for prices to drop enough to spur mass consumption.
Today, the discussions focus primarily on the shifting of accident liability to manufacturers and all the goodness that comes along with reducing accidents. A truly driverless road would not be accident-free as there would still be a number of accidents caused by mechanical or computer errors, weather conditions, pedestrians and sheer random chance. But it would make the now-routine loss of life on the roads far rarer.
The concept of a “driver” will be replaced with that of an “operator”, who simply programs the vehicle’s GPS to arrive at the desired destination and pushes the “Start” button to begin the trip. Since judgment will no longer be required of the operator, they won’t need a driver’s license. Theoretically, a 10-year-old child could independently take the car to school in the morning.
Computer-operated cars will eventually reshape the car design as things like windshields will become less necessary. Drivers will be able to sit wherever they’d like in their cars. There will be no need for gas and brake pedals as speed will be automatically controlled by the computer. The steering wheel and the turn signal arm can also be eliminated once the public gets used to reliability of these vehicles.
Each passenger will have a personal video display informing about a current location, the distance to your destination, speed and personal entertainment selections. The concept of ‘distracted driving’ will disappear as there will be no reason to pay attention to where you are going.
Vehicle owners will no longer buy collision insurance since manufacturers will be solely responsible for damage. Owners will only need theft insurance and coverage for hail, falling objects or floods. To take this one step further, personal vehicle ownership may dramatically diminish. Car dealers will have lots full of vehicles for hire on a daily or hourly basis instead of vehicles for sale. When you need a car, you’ll summon one using your mobile phone. The closest unmanned vehicle will be dispatched to your home to take you where you need to go. When done, you’ll simply push the button for the unmanned vehicle to drive itself back to the rental lot.
The social and cultural impact of driverless cars could cause far more upheaval than any of us could imagine. Perhaps, it would be even greater than the impact the Internet had on commerce and communication. Obviously, the picture being painted is the one that assumes total adoption, which is far from realistic. You will always have transitional delays caused by the lack of free cars, the longevity of today’s vehicles and cultural resistance.
This resembles the historical factors that affected the transition from horse to the automobile. At the moment, the driverless car seems like a novelty. However, it will open up new prospects. The prospect of flying cars may soon become a reality. With computer-controlled vehicles that strictly follow traffic rules, threedimensional roads become far less scary and more a matter of simply solving the technological challenge.
1NX TOYOTA США Passenger Car
1T1 TOYOTA США Passenger cars for Europe
1TE TOYOTA США Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle
4T1 TOYOTA США Passenger cars for Europe
4X2 TOYOTA США Passenger cars for USA/CAN
4X3 TOYOTA США Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle
4X4 TOYOTA США
4X6 TOYOTA США
4X7 TOYOTA США for Australia and "3-d countries"
4X8 TOYOTA США
5TD TOYOTA США Truck
5TD TOYOTA США Passenger Car
5TE TOYOTA США Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle
5X0 TOYOTA США
5X3 TOYOTA США Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle
JT1 TOYOTA Япония Passenger cars for Europe
JT2 TOYOTA Япония Passenger cars for USA/CAN
JT3 TOYOTA Япония Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle
JT4 TOYOTA Япония
JT5 TOYOTA Япония Incomplete Vehicle
JT6 TOYOTA Япония
JT7 TOYOTA Япония for Australia and "3-d countries"
JT8 TOYOTA Япония
JTA TOYOTA Япония
JTB TOYOTA Япония Truck
JTC TOYOTA Япония
JTD TOYOTA Япония Passenger Car
JTE TOYOTA Япония Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle
JTF TOYOTA Япония
JTG TOYOTA Япония Автобусы
JTJ TOYOTA Япония
JTK TOYOTA Япония Passenger Car
JTL TOYOTA Япония Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle
JTM TOYOTA Япония Truck
JTN TOYOTA Япония
TW0 TOYOTA Португалия
TW1 TOYOTA Португалия
LH1 TOYOTA Китай Passenger cars for Europe
MR1 TOYOTA Тайланд Passenger cars for Europe
NMT TOYOTA Турция
PN4 TOYOTA Малайзия
SB1 TOYOTA Великобритания Passenger cars for Europe
VNK TOYOTA Франция Passenger Car
2T1 TOYOTA Канада Passenger cars for Europe
3RZ TOYOTA Мексика
6T1 TOYOTA Австралия Passenger cars for Europe
AHT TOYOTA ЮАР
ACU TOYOTA ЮАР
JHD TOYOTA
JHF TOYOTA
AHT TOYOTA
JTH TOYOTA
JTX TOYOTA
JYF TOYOTA
LCU TOYOTA
SB1 TOYOTA
MR0 TOYOTA
С 4 по 5 позицию номера — тип кузова (до 2002 года):
E — универсал повышенной вместимости (как пример — Toyota Corolla Verso) (что-то не то)
11 — Джип, минивен (Liteace) со стандартной крышей
12 — минивен с приподнятой крышей
21 — фургон со стандартной крышей
22 — фургон с приподнятой крышей
23 — фургон с высокой крышей
31 — гикап (Hilux) / грузовик (Dyna) с одинарной кабиной
32 — пикап / грузовик с полуторной кабиной
33 — пикап / грузовик с двойной кабиной
41 — микроавтобус со стандартой крышей
42 — микроавтобус с приподнятой крышей
43 — микроавтобус с высокой крышей
52 — хетчбек, 3 двери
53 — седан
54 — хетчбек, 5 дверей
63 — купе
64 — лифтбек
72 – универсал, вагон
LB — лифтбек, 3 двери
LC — лифтбек, 5 дверей
4 позиция номера — тип кузова и колесная формула (с 2002 года):
A — седан, 2 двери, 4х2
B — седан, 4 двери, 4x2
C — купе, 2 двери, 4x2
D – хетчбек / лифтбек, 3 двери, 4x2
E — универсал повышенной вместимости (как пример — Toyota Corolla Verso)
F — кабриолет, 2 двери, 4x2
G — универсал, 4 двери, 4x2
H — универсал, 4 двери, 4x4
J — пикап, 4 двери, 4x2
K — универсал, 5 дверей, 4x2
L — универсал, 5 дверей, 4x4
M — семейный универсал (VAN), 5 дверей, 4x2
P — пикап, 2 двери (regular cab), 4x4
S – хетчбек / лифтбек, 3 двери, 4x4
T — пикап, 2 двери (extended cab), 4x2
Z — универсал, 5 дверей, 4x2
5 позиция номера – двигатель (с 2002 года):
A — 4A-FE, 7A-FE (1.6 литра, 16 кл., бензин)
A — 4A-FE, 7A-FE (1.6 литра, 16 кл., бензин)
C — 2C, 2CT, 2CT-E (2.0 литра, 8 кл., дизель)
E — 2AZ-FE (2.4 литра, 16кл., бензин)
F — 1MZ-FE (3,0 литра V6, 24 кл., бензин)
S — 3S-FE (2.0 литра, 16 кл., бензин)
T — 2UZ-FE (4.7 литра, V8, 32 кл., бензин)
Z — 1ZZ-FE, 3ZZ-FE (1,8 литра, 16 кл., бензин)
6 позиция номера – двигатель или серия двигателя (до 2002 года):
7 позиция номера — модельная линия (до 2002 года):
A – Supra / Celica / Carina
B – Carina, Avensis, Coaster
C — Previa, RAV4
D — Mega Cruiser
E — Corolla
F — Lexus LS400
J — Land Cruiser
H — Hi Ace, Dyna 100
K — Hi Ace, Stout
L — Paceo, Tercel
M – Picnic, Liteace
N — HiLux
P – Starlet, Toyota 1000
R — LiteAce
S — Lexus GS300, Crown
T — Carina, Corona, Celica, Avensis
U — Dyna 200
V — Camry
W — MR2
X — Cressida
Y — Dyna 100, Dyna 150, Toyoace
7 позиция номера — система безопасности (с 2002 года):
1 — нет подушек безопасности
0 — 2 фронтальные подушки безопасности и боковые шторы
1 — нет подушек безопасности
2 — 1 водительская подушка безопасности
3 — 2 фронтальные подушки безопасности
6 — 2 фронтальные подушки безопасности, боковые подушки безопасности, боковые шторы, коленная подушка безопасности водителя
7 — 2 фронтальные подушки безопасности, коленная подушка безопасности водителя
8 — 2 фронтальные подушки безопасности, боковые подушки безопасности
8 позиция номера – модель:
3 — Yaris Verso
4 — Yaris
B — Avensis Verso
C — Aygo
E — Auris / Corolla
G — HiLux / Fortuner (созданы для азиатского рынка)
J — Land Cruiser / Land Cruiser Prado
K — Camry
L — Avensis
M — Previa
R — Corolla Verso
T — Celica
V — RAV- 4
9 позиция номера – контрольная сумма.
10 позиция номера – запасной символ (до 2002года).
10 позиция номера – “0” или модельный год (с 2002 года):
1971 =1 1982 =C 1993 =P 2004 =4
1972 =2 1983 =D 1994 =R 2005 =5
1973 =3 1984 =I 1995 =S 2006 =6
1974 =4 1985 =F 1996 =T 2007 =7
1975 =5 1986 =G 1997 =V 2008 =8
1976 =6 1987 =H 1998 =W 2009 =9
1977 =7 1988 =J 1999 =X 2010 =A
1978 =8 1989 =K 2000 =Y
1979 =9 1990 =L 2001 =1
1980 =A 1991 =M 2002 =2
1981 =B 1992 =N 2003 =3
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